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----------------------------------- MBFast ----------------------------------
WHAT IS MBFAST?
MBFast is one of the standard set of EDPs for Fractal Wizard. It allows you to
generate images of the Mandelbrot Set, using a very fast assembly-language
implementation of the Escape Time algorithm.
MBFast does its calculations on the 68020, using 32-bit fixed-point arithmetic, with
24 bits for the fractional part. This is about 3.5 times faster than using the 68881.
(Figures for a vanilla Mac II; your mileage may vary.)
When the magification becomes greater that 2 ^ -24 units per pixel, fixed-point
becomes too inaccurate, and MBFast starts using the FPU. The FPU is also used when
'Limit' is set > 2, to avoid fixed-point overflows.
THE MANDELBROT SET
The Mandelbrot Set is a mathematical object to be found in the complex plane. It is
defined as the collection of values c (in C), for which the following is true:
z[0] = 0
z[i] = z[i-1] ^ 2 + c for all i > 0
lim (i->░) z[i] ¡ ░
(Excuse the sloppy notation; I guess the meaning is clear.)
It turns out that whenever | z[i] | > 2, the iteration will go to infinity, so the last
condition can be changed to:
| z[i] | ▓ 2 for all i > 0
THE ESCAPE TIME ALGORITHM
Since it is impossible to carry out an infinite number of iterations to see whether z[i]
remains bounded, a limit is imposed on the number of iterations. The higher this limit,
the more accurate the image of the Mandelbrot Set will become.
The real beauty of Mandelbrot Set is not the set itself, but the 'level sets' around it.
The nth level set is defined as the set of points for which
| z[n] | > 2
| z[i] | ▓ 2 for 0 │ i > n
By making the Mandelbrot Set itself black, and assigning different colours to each
level set, the colourful images you may already be familiar with are created. To
create an image of the set, you supply the boundaries of a rectangle in the complex
plane, by setting the fields 'Real (or Imaginary) Axis Low (or High)'. The size of the
image is set with the 'Image Width' and 'Image Height' settings, both in pixels.
With these data, the complex coordinates corresponding to every pixel can be
calculated, which are then fed, as the c-value, into the Escape Time algorithm. You
can set the maximum number of iterations in the 'Max. Iterations' field.
You can also change the limit for z at which the iteration stops. The default is 2, as
in the above explanation, but using a higher value improves the rendering of the level
sets. In theory, 'Limit' should be ░ for true level sets, but a value of 100 is high
enough to make virtually no difference.
SPECIAL EFFECTS
- Colour pictures -
When the number of iterations ued is very high, you will notice that a large
proportion of the colours in your palette remains unused. The cause of this is that the
level sets close to the Mandelbrot Set take up many colours, while they are so thin
you hardly see them. One thing you can do to remedy this is magnify the image, but
you will find that the maximum number of iterations has to be raised at greater
magnifications, so you would be back where you started. The other option is to
increase the 'Colour Bands' setting. If you set it to 10, for example, the set of
colours will be mapped 10 times over the range of possible iterations, so at 2500
iterations, each level set will be distinguishable from its neighbour. Keeping this
setting in step with the 'Max. Iterations' setting produces the best results.
(This means, if you zoom in on a picture and raise the number of iterations by a
factor of 5, you should also increase 'Colour Bands' fivefold. It is best to experiment
with this and see what happens.)
- Black and White pictures -
The 'Colour Bands' setting is also used for black and white pictures. It specifies the
number of successive level sets that are given the same colour. The default setting
of 1 will cause excessive detail near the Mandelbrot Set to cause noise in the picture.
Raising 'Colour Bands' by a factor of 2╔10 will improve noisy pictures considerably.
- Distorted pictures -
As mentioned before, 2 is the lowest setting for 'Limit' which will reproduce the
Mandelbrot Set accurately (to get accurate level sets, it should be much higher).
Setting 'Limit' to a value less than 2 can create quite beautiful and startling images,
though these are not really images of the Mandelbrot Set.
You may set 'Limit' to a negative value, but as its absolute value is used, this will
have no effect.
REFERENCES
"The Fractal Geometry of Nature," by B. B. Mandelbrot
╩╩╩╩W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1982
"Computer Recreations: A computer microscope zooms in for a look at the most
complex object in mathematics," by A. K. Dewdney
╩╩╩╩Scientific American v253n2pp8-12, Scientific American, Inc., August 1985
"The Beaty of Fractals," by H.-O. Peitgen and P. H. Richter
╩╩╩╩Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1986
"The Science of Fractal Images," H.-O. Peitgen and D. Saupe (editors)
╩╩╩╩Springer Verlag, New York, 1988